Riesgo de Caídas y Parámetros de Marcha en Personas Mayores de la Comunidad: ¿Cuáles son los Indicadores de Función y Disfunción del Movimiento? / Risk of Falls and Gait Parameters in Community Elderly: What Are the Indicators of Movement Function and Dysfunction?

Introducción. La población de personas mayores (PM) en Chile presenta un incremento sostenido con importantes tasas de fragilidad y riesgo de caídas (RC). El desempeño de marcha permite valorarlo mediante parámetros mecánicos y fisiológicos. Nos preguntamos, ¿cuáles podrían ser los más relevantes para estimar RC en condiciones de marcha confortable (MC) y máxima (MM)? Objetivo. Identificar los principales parámetros de marcha que podrían explicar RC en PM autovalentes de la comunidad. Métodos. Estudio observacional y transversal en el cual participaron 53 PM autovalentes de la comuna de Talca, Chile (edad 71±7años; IMC 29,1±3,4 kg/m2). Se solicitó a los participantes la ejecución de MC (n=53) y posteriormente MM (n=36). Ambas modalidades fueron desarrolladas en un circuito elíptico de 40m durante 3min. El RC se categorizó como: "sin riesgo", "riesgo dinámico" según prueba timed up and go (TUG) positiva, "riesgo estático" según estación unipodal (EUP) positiva y "riesgo mixto" con ambas pruebas positivas. Para la visualización de la variación gráfica en el morfoespacio de los individuos según RC, se realizó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) mediante el Programa RStudio, utilizando 6 variables cinemáticas: i) velocidad promedio de marcha (VPM), ii) cadencia, iii) máximo despeje del pie (MDP), iv) coeficiente de variación (%CV) del MDP, v) longitud de zancada (LZ) y vi) %CV de la LZ. Además de 2 variables fisiológicas: i) % frecuencia cardiaca de reserva utilizada (%FCRu) y ii) el índice de costo fisiológico según la relación entre FC y VM (latidos/metros). Resultados. Para MC las dimensiones del ACP explican el 56% de la variabilidad de los datos, siendo los indicadores de seguridad de RC la VM, cadencia, LZ y MDP. La variabilidad de marcha explica RC mixto y el ICF junto al %FCRu se asocian a RC dinámico. En condiciones de MM, el ACP explica 60% de la variabilidad de datos, donde las PM sin RC se asocian con VM, LZ y MDP. Por su parte, la variabilidad del MDP se vincula con RC dinámico y las variables fisiológicas con el RC mixto. Conclusiones. Los parámetros de marcha que mejor explican una marcha segura y eficiente son cinemáticos de la fase de balanceo, mientras que la variabilidad y el costo fisiológico se asocian como indicadores de RC dinámico y mixto.

Background. Introduction: The elderly population (EP) in Chile is experiencing a sustained increase with significant rates of frailty and risk of falls (RF). Gait performance can be assessed using mechanical and physiological parameters. We wonder, which ones could be the most relevant to estimate RF in self-selected walking speed (SSWS) and maximum walking speed (MWS) conditions? Objective. Identify the main gait parameters that could explain RF in self-sufficient elderly individuals from the community. Methods. This observational and cross-sectional study included 53 self-sufficient elderly individuals from the commune of Talca, Chile (age 71±7 years; BMI 29.1±3.4 kg/m2). Participants were asked to perform SSWS (n=53) and subsequently MWS (n=36). Both modalities were conducted on a 40m elliptical circuit for 3 minutes. RF was categorized as: "no risk," "dynamic risk" based on a positive timed up and go test, "static risk" based on a positive one-legged stance test, and "mixed risk" with both tests positive. To visualize the graphical variation in the morphospace of individuals according to RF, a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted using RStudio, utilizing 6 kinematic variables: i) walking speed (WS), ii) cadence, iii) maximum foot clearance (MFC), iv) coefficient of variation (%CV) of MFC, v) stride length (SL), and vi) %CV of SL. In addition to 2 physiological variables: i) % of reserve heart rate used (%RHRu) and ii) the physiological cost index based on the relationship between heart rate and WS (heartbeats/meters). Results. For SSWS, the PCA dimensions explained 56% of the data variability, with gait safety indicators such as WS, cadence, SL, and MFC explaining RF. Gait variability explains mixed RF, while the physiological cost index and %RHRu are associated with dynamic RF. In MWS conditions, PCA explains 60% of the data variability, where the elderly persons without RF are associated with WS, SL, and MFC. On the other hand, MFC variability is related to dynamic RF, and physiological variables are associated with mixed RF. Conclusions. The gait parameters that best explain safe and efficient walking are kinematic parameters of the swing phase, while variability and physiological cost are indicators of dynamic and mixed RF.

Myocardial protective effect of goal-directed circulation management guided by CI in infants undergoing liver transplantation: monitoring using pressure recording analytical method / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the myocardial protective effect of goal-directed circulation management guided by cardiac index (CI) monitored by pressure recording analytical method (PRAM) in infants undergoing pediatric liver transplantation.Methods:A total of 120 pediatric patients, aged 5-15 months, weighing 5.5-10.0 kg, scheduled for elective living donor liver transplantation (all diagnosed with congenital biliary atresia) were selected and divided into 2 groups ( n=60 each) using a random number table method: routine group (group R) and goal-directed management guided by CI group (group CI-G). Patients in group R received routine hemodynamic monitoring according to central venous pressure (CVP), continuous invasive arterial pressure, blood gas analysis and other monitoring methods to guide intraoperative circulation management.Patients in CI-G group received intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring through radial artery using PRAM/Mostcare, and related treatments were guided by PRAM hemodynamic monitoring indicators.The intraoperative volume of fluid intake, highest and lowest values of parameters of hemodynamics such as heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and CVP, the maximum fluctuations (△ RHR, △ RMAP and △ RCVP) and the development of reperfusion syndrome within 5 min of reperfusion were recorded.At the beginning of anesthesia (T 0), at 5 min before reperfusion (T 1), at 30 min of neohepatic phase (T 2), at 3 h of neohepatic phase (T 3) and at 12 h after operation (T 4), concentrations of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), N-terminal plasma brain natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-pro-BNP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) were determined.Mechanical ventilation time, duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, the development of heart failure and pulmonary infection, length of hospital stay were recorded. Results:Compared with group R, the intraoperative volume of fluid intake, highest value of CVP, △ RHR, △ RMAP and the incidence of reperfusion syndrome were significantly decreased, lowest value of MAP was increased, concentrations of serum cTnI, NT-pro-BNP, IL-6, TNF-α and HMGB1 was decreased, mechanical ventilation time and duration of ICU were shortened, and the incidence of heart failure during ICU stay were decreased in group CI-G( P<0.05). Conclusion:The goal-directed circulation management guided by CI monitored by PRAM can accurately guide the use of volume and vasoactive drugs, stabilize circulation, which can produce myocardial protective effect to some extent in infants undergoing pediatric liver transplantation.

Measuring Heart Rate During Exercise: From Artery Palpation to Monitors and Apps

The use of technology has increased tremendously, by means of more reliable, smaller, more accessible and specially more user-friendly devices, which provide a wider range of features, and promote significant benefits for the population and health professionals. It is in this context that monitors and apps for heart rate (HR) measurement have emerged. HR is a clinical vital sign of diagnostic and prognostic importance. In response to body movement, HR tends to increase, in a direct relationship with the intensity of exercise. HR was primarily measured by the count of arterial pulse, and recently, HR can be precisely measured by monitors, bracelets and smartphone apps capable to perform real-time measurements and storage of data. This paper aimed to make a brief and updated review on the theme, providing a broader view of advantages and limitations of these resources for HR measurement in exercise. HR monitors and apps use basically two types of technology, optical sensor (photoplethysmography) and electrical signal from the heart. In general, these devices have shown good accuracy in measuring HR and HR variability at rest, but there are differences between brands and models considering the type, mode and intensity of exercise. HR measurements by monitors and smartphone apps are simple, accessible and may help cardiologists in the monitoring of the intensity of aerobic exercise, focusing on health promotion and on primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Development and clinical validation of a non-invasive, beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring device, compared to invasive blood pressure monitoring during coronary angiography / Desenvolvimento e validação clínica de equipamento para medida de pressão arterial não invasiva, batimento a batimento, comparado ao de pressão arterial invasiva durante procedimentos de angiocoronariografia

ABSTRACT Objective To develop and test a beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring device during coronary angiography, and compare it with invasive blood pressure monitoring. Methods Twenty-eight patients with an indication for hemodynamic study were selected for this investigation, and kept in supine position. Before starting the coronary angiography, they were instructed about the use of the left radial bracelet for beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring. Results There was a significant difference between the time required for the catheterization laboratory team to acquire the first invasive blood pressure reading and the time to obtain the first beat-to-beat reading (11.1±5.1 and 1.5±1.8, respectively; p<0.0001). The intraclass correlation coefficients (95%CI) of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 0.897 (0.780-0.952) and 0.876 (0.734-0.942), indicating good reproducibility. Conclusion This study showed the process to develop a beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring device. When compared to invasive blood pressure monitoring, there were no significant differences between the two methods. This technique may play a promising coadjuvant role when combined with invasive monitoring during coronary angiography procedures.

RESUMO Objetivo Desenvolver e validar um equipamento para monitorização de pressão arterial batimento a batimento, durante a realização de coronariografia, e comparar com as medidas de pressão arterial invasiva obtidas. Métodos Foram selecionados 28 pacientes com indicação de estudo hemodinâmico, que permaneceram em decúbito dorsal horizontal e, antes do início da coronariografia, foram orientados quanto ao uso da pulseira radial esquerda para monitorização da pressão arterial batimento a batimento. Resultados Houve diferença significativa entre o tempo necessário para a equipe de hemodinâmica adquirir a primeira medida da pressão arterial invasiva e o tempo da primeira medida da pressão arterial batimento a batimento (11,1±5,1 e 1,5±1,8, respectivamente; p<0,0001). Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (IC95%) da pressão arterial sistólica e da diastólica foram 0,897 (0,780-0,952) e 0,876 (0,734-0,942), indicando boa reprodutibilidade. Conclusão Este estudo demonstrou o processo de desenvolvimento de um equipamento para avaliação da pressão arterial batimento a batimento. Quando comparado com a pressão arterial invasiva, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as duas medidas. Essa técnica pode constituir ferramenta coadjuvante promissora, associada à monitorização invasiva, durante procedimentos de coronariografia.

Evaluación de la actividad física en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Tools for physical activity assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The prevalence and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing in Chile, constituting a public health problem. Pulmonary and systemic consequences of COPD affect physical activity, as the disease progresses. There are multiple means for physical activity assessment, from low cost and easily applicable questionnaires to sophisticated laboratory tests. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD. Physical activity interventions not only contribute to decrease the likelihood of mortality, but also protect from comorbidities, especially cardiovascular ones. It also plays a major role avoiding functional limitations of these subjects. Dyspnea and fatigue render exercise as an unpleasant activity for most patients with COPD. If psychological alterations such as anxiety and depression are summed, these patients drift towards an inactive lifestyle. This article analyzes several tools available to assess physical activity is patients with COPD, useful in clinical practice.

Ecocardiografía funcional en la unidad de reanimación como monitor hemodinámico / Functional echocardiography in the intensive care unit as hemodinamyc monitor / Ecocardiografia funcional na unidade de terapia intensiva como monitor hemodinâmico

Resumen: La ecocardiografía es una herramienta que desde hace años se ha introducido en las unidades de reanimación. La ausencia de una formación reglada, la larga curva de aprendizaje y el hecho de que la mayoría de protocolos orientados al estudio de la inestabilidad hemodinámica se basan en un concepto estructural, complican su aplicación rutinaria en un contexto tan complejo. Este artículo pretende dar una visión funcional de la ecocardiografía de manera que, integrándola junto con la clínica y otros sistemas de monitorización, se convierta en una herramienta de monitorización hemodinámica a pie de cama. Mediante el uso de un número limitado de planos explicaremos la valoración de diversas herramientas que nos permiten estimar las variables determinantes de la perfusión (precarga estática y dinámica, función biventricular), que a su vez integradas mediante un mapa mental nos asistirán en la toma de decisiones clínicas.

Abstract: Echocardiography has gained wide acceptance between intensive care physicians during the last fifteen years. The lack of accredited formation, long learning curve and structural orientation of the limited algorithms to study hemodynamic instability hampers its daily use in the intensive care unit. This article aims to explain a functional approach to echocardiography in which it serves as a hemodynamic monitoring tool, useful at the bed site in conjunction with clinical assessment and other monitoring devices. Through a limited number of planes and measurements we will explain how to asses perfusion determinants (static and dynamic preload, biventricular function) and integrate them with a mind map to help everyday decision making in the complex environment of the critical care unit.

Resumo: O ecocardiograma é uma ferramenta que foi introduzida há anos nas unidades de terapia intensiva. A ausência de treinamento formal, a curva de aprendizagem prolongada e o fato de que a maioria dos protocolos orientados ao estudo da instabilidade hemodinâmica são baseados em um conceito estrutural complicam sua aplicação de rotina em um contexto tão complexo. Este artigo tem como objetivo dar uma visão funcional da ecocardiografia de modo que, integrando-a com a clínica e outros sistemas de monitoramento, transforme-se em uma ferramenta de monitoramento hemodinâmico na cabeceira do paciente. Usando um número limitado de imagens e medições explicaremos a valorização de várias ferramentas que nos permitem estimar as variáveis determinantes de perfusão (pré-carga estática e dinâmica, função biventricular), que por sua vez integrados por um mapa mental nos ajudará a tomar decisões clínicas.

Aplicabilidade das variações respiratórias do volume sistólico e seus substitutos para predição da responsividade dinâmica a fluidos em pacientes críticos: uma revisão sistemática sobre a prevalência das condições requeridas / Applicability of respiratory variations in stroke volume and its surrogates for dynamic fluid responsiveness prediction in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the prevalence of required conditions

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os dados publicados em relação à prevalência das condições requeridas para avaliação apropriada em pacientes críticos. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados MEDLINE, Scopus e Web of Science para identificar estudos que discutiam a prevalência de condições validadas para avaliação da responsividade a fluidos com uso de variações respiratórias do volume sistólico ou algum outro substituto em pacientes críticos adultos. O desfecho primário foi a prevalência de adequação para avaliação da responsividade. O objetivo secundário foi o tipo e a prevalência de pré-requisitos avaliados para definir a adequação. Resultados: Incluíram-se cinco estudos (14.804 pacientes). Observaram-se elevadas heterogeneidades do ponto de vista clínico e estatístico (I2 = 98,6%), o que impediu o agrupamento dos resultados em uma conclusão sumarizada significativa. A limitação mais frequentemente identificada foi a ausência de ventilação mecânica invasiva com volume corrente ≥ 8mL/kg. A adequação final para avaliação da responsividade a fluidos foi baixa (em quatro estudos, variou entre 1,9 e 8,3% e, em um estudo, foi de 42,4%). Conclusão: A aplicabilidade na prática diária de índices dinâmicos de responsividade da pré-carga que demandam interações cardiopulmonares pode ser limitada.

ABSTRACT Objective: The present systematic review searched for published data on the prevalence of required conditions for proper assessment in critically ill patients. Methods: The Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched to identify studies that evaluated the prevalence of validated conditions for the fluid responsiveness assessment using respiratory variations in the stroke volume or another surrogate in adult critically ill patients. The primary outcome was the suitability of the fluid responsiveness evaluation. The secondary objectives were the type and prevalence of pre-requisites evaluated to define the suitability. Results: Five studies were included (14,804 patients). High clinical and statistical heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 98.6%), which prevented us from pooling the results into a meaningful summary conclusion. The most frequent limitation identified is the absence of invasive mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume ≥ 8mL/kg. The final suitability for the fluid responsiveness assessment was low (in four studies, it varied between 1.9 to 8.3%, in one study, it was 42.4%). Conclusion: Applicability of the dynamic indices of preload responsiveness requiring heart-lung interactions might be limited in daily practice.

Blood pressure documentation in the emergency department / Registro da pressão arterial em unidade de emergência

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the frequency of blood pressure documentation performed by nursing professionals in an emergency department. Methods This is a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, and analytical study, which included medical records of adult patients admitted to the observation ward of an emergency department, between March and May 2014. Data were obtained through a collection instrument divided into three parts: patient identification, triage data, and blood pressure documentation. For statistical analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used, with a significance level of α<0.05. Results One hundred fifty-seven records and 430 blood pressure measurements were analyzed with an average of three measurements per patient. Of these measures, 46.5% were abnormal. The mean time from admission to documentation of the first blood pressure measurement was 2.5 minutes, with 42 minutes between subsequent measures. There is no correlation between the systolic blood pressure values and the mean time interval between blood pressure documentations: 0.173 (p=0.031). Conclusion The present study found no correlation between frequency of blood pressure documentation and blood pressure values. The frequency of blood pressure documentation increased according to the severity of the patient and decreased during the length of stay in the emergency department.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a frequência de registros da pressão arterial realizados por profissionais de enfermagem em uma unidade de emergência. Métodos Estudo transversal, observacional, descritivo e analítico, que incluiu registros de pacientes adultos admitidos em leitos de observação de uma unidade de emergência no período de março a maio de 2014. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de um instrumento de coleta de dados dividido em três partes: identificação do paciente, dados de triagem e registro da pressão arterial. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância de α<0,05. Resultados Foram analisados 157 prontuários e realizadas 430 medidas da pressão arterial, com média de três aferições por paciente; 46,5% dos valores obtidos estavam alterados. O tempo médio de admissão até o registro da primeira pressão arterial foi de 2,5 minutos, e de 42 minutos entre as medidas subsequentes. Não foi encontrada correlação entre os valores de pressão arterial sistólica e o intervalo médio de tempo entre os registros da pressão arterial: 0,173 (p=0,031). Conclusão O presente estudo não encontrou correlação entre frequência de verificação da pressão arterial e os valores de pressão arterial. A frequência do registro da pressão arterial aumentou de acordo com a gravidade do paciente e diminuiu durante seu tempo de permanência no serviço de emergência.

Accuracy of different methods in predicting fluid responsiveness in septic patients: a comparison between ultrasound, PiCCO and traditional methods / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To compare the accuracy of ultrasound,pulse indicator continuous cardiac output monitoring (PiCCO) and traditional methods in predicting fluid responsiveness in septic patients.Methods Forty-six septic patients of both sexes,aged 18-72 yr,requiring mechanical ventilation treatment in the intensive care unit,were enrolled in the study.Venous blood samples were collected for determination of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations by chemiluminescence assay,and central venous pressure (CVP) was recorded.Stroke volume variation (SVVTTE),distensibility index of inferior vena cava (dIVC) and velocity time integral changes of aortic blood flow (△VTI) were measured by ultrasound method.SVVPiCCO and global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI) were measured by PiCCO method.The patients were divided into negative fluid responsiveness group and positive fluid responsiveness group according to the fluid responsiveness after volume expansion.The receiver operating characteristic curves of the parameters mentioned above in predicting fluid responsiveness were drawn.A consistency check for dIVC,△VTI and SVVPiCCO thresholds was conducted by using Kappa statistics.The agreement between SVVTTEand SVVPiCCO was analyzed by the Bland-Altman analysis.Results There were 24 patients in positive fluid responsiveness group and 22 patients in negative fluid responsiveness group.Compared with negative fluid responsiveness group,the plasma BNP concentration,CVP and GEDVI were significantly decreased,and SVVPiCCO,SVVTTE,dIVC and △VTI were increased before volume expansion in positive fluid responsiveness group (P＜0.05).The area under the curve (95％ confidence interval),sensitivity and specificity of the plasma BNP concentration were 0.894 (0.807-0.981),81.8％ and 79.2％,respectively,of CVP 0.859 (0.752-0.965),81.8％ and 79.2％,respectively,of GEDVI 0.772 (0.628-0.915),72.7％ and 75.0％,respectively,of SVVPiCCO 0.965 (0.922-1.008),95.8％ and 81.8％,respectively,of SVVTTE 0.940 (0.874--1.006),91.7％ and 86.4％,respectively,of dIVC 0.964 (0.920-1.008),83.3％ and 95.5％,respectively,and of △VTI 0.958 (0.909-1.008),87.5％ and 90.9％,respectively.The Kappa value for dIVC threshold and SVVPiCCO threshold was 0.826,and for △VTI threshold and SVVPiCCO threshold was 0.743 (P＜0.01).The mean deviation of SVVTTE and SVVPiCCO was 0.209,95％ confidence interval (-2.967-3.385)％,and the limit of agreement (-2.46-2.62)％ (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ultrasound and PiCCO methods can accurately predict fluid responsiveness,have a good agreement and are superior to the traditional method in septic patients.

Accuracy of anesthesia index for monitoring depth of sedation induced by propofol: a comparison with bispectral index / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of anesthesia index (AI) for monitoring depth of sedation induced by propofol.Methods Thirty patients of both sexes,aged 41-64 yr,with body mass index of 20-30 kg/m2,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia,were enrolled in the study.Propofol was given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) with the initial target effect-site concentration (Ce) of 1.2 μg/ml using Marsh pharmacokinetic model,and then the Ce of propofol was increased in 0.3 μg/ml increment,and Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) score was evaluated.OAA/S score was 5 before TCI of propofol.When OAA/S score reached 4,3,2 and 1 in turn during TCI of propofol,the bispectral index (BIS),AI and corresponding Ce were recorded.Results The correlation coefficients of BIS,AI and Ce levels with the OAA/S scores were rBIS-OAA/S =0.962,rAI-OAA/S =0.960 and rce-OAA/S =-0.795,respectively (P＜0.05).The correlation coefficients of BIS and AI with the Ce of propofol were rBIs-ce =-0.736 and rAI-Ce =-0.737,respectively (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between rBIS-OAA/s and rAI-oAA/S,and between rBIS-Ce and rAI-Ce (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion AI can accurately monitor the depth of sedation induced by propofol in adult patients without noxious stimuli and there is no significant change in the accuracy in comparison with BIS.

A Pilot Study of the Effectiveness of Medical Emergency System Implementation at a Single Center in Korea / 대한구급학회지

BACKGROUND: An automatic alarm system was developed was developed for unexpected vital sign instability in admitted patients to reduce staffing needs and costs related to rapid response teams. This was a pilot study of the automatic alarm system, the medical emergency system (MES), and the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the MES before expanding this system to all departments. METHODS: This retrospective, observational study compared the performance of patients admitted to the pulmonary department at a single center using patient data from three 3-month periods (before implementation of the MES, December 2013–February 2014; after implementation of the MES, December 2014–February 2015 and December 2015–February 2016). RESULTS: A total of 571 patients were admitted to the pulmonary department during the three observation periods. During this pilot study, the MES automatically issued 568 alarms for 415 admitted patients. There was no significant difference in the rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before and after application of the MES. The mortality rate also did not change. However, it appeared that CPR was prevented in four patients admitted from the general ward to the intensive care unit (ICU) during MES implementation. The median length of hospital stay and median length of ICU stay were not significantly different before and after MES implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Although we did not find a significant improvement in outcomes upon MES implementation, the CPR rate and mortality rate did not increase despite increased comorbidities. This was a small pilot study and, based on these results, we believe that the MES may have significant effects in longer-term and larger-scale studies.

The Combined Use of Cardiac Output and Intracranial Pressure Monitoring to Maintain Optimal Cerebral Perfusion Pressure and Minimize Complications for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: To show the effect of dual monitoring including cardiac output (CO) and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patiens. We hypothesized that meticulous treatment using dual monitoring is effective to sustain maintain minimal intensive care unit (ICU) complications and maintain optimal ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) for severe TBI patiens. METHODS: We included severe TBI, below Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 8 and head abbreviation injury scale (AIS) >4 and performed decompressive craniectomy at trauma ICU of our hospital. We collected the demographic data, head AIS, injury severity score (ISS), initial GCS, ICU stay, sedation duration, fluid therapy related complications, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 3 months and variable parameters of ICP and CO monitor. RESULTS: Thirty patients with severe TBI were initially selected. Thirteen patients were excluded because 10 patients had fixed pupillary reflexes and 3 patients had uncontrolled ICP due to severe brain edema. Overall 17 patients had head AIS 5 except 2 patients and 10 patients (58.8%) had multiple traumas as mean ISS 29.1. Overall complication rate of the patients was 64.7%. Among the parameters of CO monitoring, high stroke volume variation is associated with fluid therapy related complications (p=0.043) and low cardiac contractibility is associated with these complications (p=0.009) statistically. CONCLUSION: Combined use of CO and ICP monitors in severe TBI patients who could be necessary to decompressive craniectomy and postoperative sedation is good alternative methods to maintain an adequate ICP and CPP and reduce fluid therapy related complications during postoperative ICU care.

A Pilot Study of the Effectiveness of Medical Emergency System Implementation at a Single Center in Korea / 대한중환자의학회지

BACKGROUND: An automatic alarm system was developed was developed for unexpected vital sign instability in admitted patients to reduce staffing needs and costs related to rapid response teams. This was a pilot study of the automatic alarm system, the medical emergency system (MES), and the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the MES before expanding this system to all departments. METHODS: This retrospective, observational study compared the performance of patients admitted to the pulmonary department at a single center using patient data from three 3-month periods (before implementation of the MES, December 2013–February 2014; after implementation of the MES, December 2014–February 2015 and December 2015–February 2016). RESULTS: A total of 571 patients were admitted to the pulmonary department during the three observation periods. During this pilot study, the MES automatically issued 568 alarms for 415 admitted patients. There was no significant difference in the rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) before and after application of the MES. The mortality rate also did not change. However, it appeared that CPR was prevented in four patients admitted from the general ward to the intensive care unit (ICU) during MES implementation. The median length of hospital stay and median length of ICU stay were not significantly different before and after MES implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Although we did not find a significant improvement in outcomes upon MES implementation, the CPR rate and mortality rate did not increase despite increased comorbidities. This was a small pilot study and, based on these results, we believe that the MES may have significant effects in longer-term and larger-scale studies.

Intra-abdominal pressure: an integrative review / Pressão intra-abdominal: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT There is a growing request for measuring intra-abdominal pressure in critically ill patients with acute abdominal pain to be clarified. Summarizing the research results on measurement of vesical intra-abdominal pressure and analyzing the level of evidence were the purposes of this integrative literature review, carried out based on the databases LILACS, MEDLINE and PubMed, from 2005 to July 2012. Twenty articles were identified, in that, 12 literature reviews, 4 descriptive and exploratory studies, 2 expert opinions, one prospective cohort study and one was an experience report. The vesical intra-abdominal pressure measurement was considered gold standard. There are variations in the technique however, but some common points were identified: complete supine position, in absence of abdominal contracture, in the end of expiration and expressed in mmHg. Most research results indicate keeping the transducer zeroed at the level of the mid-axillary line at the iliac crest level, and instill 25mL of sterile saline. Strong evidence must be developed.

RESUMO Em pacientes críticos com quadros abdominais agudos a esclarecer é crescente a solicitação da aferição da pressão intra-abdominal. Sintetizar resultados de pesquisas sobre a mensuração da pressão intra-abdominal pela via vesical e analisar o nível de evidência foram os objetivos desta revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases LILACS, MEDLINE e PubMed, no período de 2005 a julho de 2012. Identificaram-se 20 artigos, sendo 12 revisões de literatura, 4 estudos exploratório-descritivos, 2 opiniões de especialistas, 1 estudo de coorte prospectivo e 1 relato de experiência. O método vesical para mensuração da pressão intra-abdominal foi considerado padrão-ouro. Existem variações na técnica, entretanto pontos em comum foram identificados: posição supina completa, na ausência de contratura abdominal, ao final da expiração e expressa em mmHg. A maioria indica posicionar o ponto zero do transdutor na linha axilar média, ao nível da crista ilíaca e instilar 25ml de solução salina estéril. Evidências fortes precisam ser desenvolvidas.

Accuracy of continuous noninvasive partial pressure of carbon dioxide monitoring in old diabetic patients undergoing general anesthesia / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of continuous noninvasive partial pressure of carbon dioxide monitoring in the old diabetic patients undergoing general anesthesia.Methods Sixty-six old diabetic patients of both sexes,aged 65-76 yr,weighing 49-95 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia,were included in this study.Transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxide (TcPCO2) was monitored by a noninvasive transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitor.Arterial blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 min after endotracheal intubation,partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was monitored,and TcPCO2 and end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (PET CO2) were recorded.Bland-Altman analysis was used to measure the agreement.Results At 30 min after intubation,the results of Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean difference between PaCO2 and TcPCO2 was 1.3,95％ confidence interval (CI) was 1.0-1.6,and the limit of agreement was-1.1-3.7;the mean difference between PaCO2 and PETCO2 was -3.2,95％CI:-3.6--2.8,and the limit of agreement was-6.6-0.2.At 60 min after intubation,the results of Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean difference between PaCO2 and TcPCO2 was 1.4,95％ CI was 1.1-1.7,and the limit of agreement was-1.0-3.4;the mean difference between PaCO2 and PETCO2 was-3.1,95％CI was-3.5--2.7,and the limit of agreement was-6.7-0.5.The repeatability coefficients of PaCO2,TcPCO2 and PETCO2 were 2.1,2.3 and 2.3,respectively,at 30 and 60 min after intubation.Conclusion Continuous noninvasive partial pressure of carbon dioxide monitoring provides good accuracy and can be used as an alternative to PaCO2 monitoring,and the accuracy is higher than that of PETCO2 for the old diabetic patients undergoing general anesthesia.

Comparison of efficacy of different sedation depths of monitored anesthesia care in vitrectomy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To compare the efficacy of different sedation depths of monitored anesthesia care (MAC) in vitrectomy.Methods Ninety-six patients of both sexes,aged 40-64 yr,with body mass index ≤ 35 kg/m2,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective vitrectomy,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =48 each) using a random number table:mild sedation group (group Ⅰ) and profound sedation group (group Ⅱ).Anesthesia was induced with iv midazolam 0.02 mg/kg and sufentanil 0.15 μg/kg.Anesthesia was maintained with iv infusion of propofol 0.5-2.0 mg · kg-1 · h-1 maintaining bispectral index (BIS) value＞80 in group Ⅰ,or with iv infusion of propofol 2-6 mg · kg-1 · h-1 maintaining BIS value at 65-80 in group Ⅱ.The occurrence of unexpected head movement,SPO2＜90％,snoring,and oculocardiac reflex during the procedure,postoperative nausea and vomiting,and the time when the patients in supine position were turned to prone position were recorded after surgery.Results Compared with group Ⅰ,the incidence of unexpected head movement,SpO2 ＜90％,and snoring was significantly increased,and the time when the patients in supine position were turned to prone position was prolonged (P＜0.05),and no significant difference was found in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and oculocardiac reflex during the procedure in group Ⅱ (P＞0.05).Conclusion Mild sedation of MAC (BIS value ≥ 80) provides better efficacy than profound sedation (BIS value 65-80) when used for vitrectomy.

Tumor lysis syndrome

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency due to the rapid lysis of tumor cells and subsequent release of large amounts of intracellular potassium, phosphate, and uric acid into the bloodstream. Precipitation of uric acid and/or calcium phosphate crystals in the renal tubules can result in acute kidney injury. TLS is frequently observed in children with malignancy, which has high tumor burden, rapid cell turnover or high chemosensitivity (particularly, Burkitt's lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia), following the initiation of cytotoxic therapy. The current recommendations for prophylaxis and management are based on the TLS risk stratification. It is essential to administer adequate fluid and hypouricemic agents (allopurinol and/or rasburicase) to prevent acute kidney injury. In children susceptible to TLS, prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment, such as renal replacement therapy, should be performed through close monitoring.

Early Experience of Automated Intraventricular Type Intracranial Pressure Monitoring (LiquoGuard®) for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: The LiquoGuard® system is a new ventricular-type monitoring device that facilitates intracranial pressure (ICP)-controlled or volume-controlled drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The purpose of this study is to report the authors' experience with the LiquoGuard® ICP monitoring system, as well as the clinical safety, usefulness, and limitations of this device in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Intraventricular ICP monitoring was performed on 10 patients with TBI using the LiquoGuard® monitoring system. ICP measurements, volume of drained CSF, and clinical outcomes were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS: ICP monitoring was performed on 10 patients for a mean duration of 6.9 days. With a mean 82,718 records per patient, the mean initial ICP was 16.4 mm Hg and the average ICP across the total duration of monitoring was 15.5 mm Hg. The mean volume of drained CSF was 29.2 cc/day, with no CSF drained in 4 patients. Seven of 10 patients showed 1 or 2 episodes of abnormal ICP measurements. No patient exhibited complications associated with ICP monitoring. CONCLUSION: The LiquoGuard® system is a versatile tool in the management of TBI patients. Its use is both reliable and feasible for ICP monitoring and therapeutic drainage of CSF. However, episodes of abnormal ICP measurements were frequently observed in patients with slit ventricles, and further study may be needed to overcome this issue.

Uso da tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica como ferramenta de auxílio às manobras de recrutamento alveolar na síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo: relato de caso e breve revisão da literatura / Use of thoracic electrical impedance tomography as an auxiliary tool for alveolar recruitment maneuvers in acute respiratory distress syndrome: case report and brief literature review

RESUMO A tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica constitui ferramenta de monitorização não invasiva, em tempo real, da distribuição regional da ventilação pulmonar. Sua utilização à beira do leito em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo tem o potencial de auxiliar na condução de manobras de recrutamento alveolar, frequentemente necessárias em casos de hipoxemia refratária. Neste relato de caso, apresentamos os resultados e a interpretação da monitorização da tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica em um paciente com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, durante manobras de recrutamento alveolar, com aplicação transitória de altas pressões alveolares e titulação da pressão positiva ao final da expiração ideal. Adicionalmente, apresentamos uma breve revisão da literatura a respeito do uso de manobras de recrutamento alveolar e monitorização com tomografia por impedância elétrica torácica em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo.

ABSTRACT Thoracic electrical impedance tomography is a real-time, noninvasive monitoring tool of the regional pulmonary ventilation distribution. Its bedside use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome has the potential to aid in alveolar recruitment maneuvers, which are often necessary in cases of refractory hypoxemia. In this case report, we describe the monitoring results and interpretation of thoracic electrical impedance tomography used during alveolar recruitment maneuvers in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome, with transient application of high alveolar pressures and optimal positive end-expiratory pressure titration. Furthermore, we provide a brief literature review regarding the use of alveolar recruitment maneuvers and monitoring using thoracic electrical impedance tomography in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Análisis comparativo de insulina glargina frente a la insulina detemir: un modelo de minimización de costos aplicable en Colombia / Comparative analysis of insulin glargine vs. insulin detemir: A cost-minimization study applicable to Colombia

Introducción. Más del 90 % de los individuos diagnosticados con diabetes mellitus presentan el tipo 2, cuya resistencia periférica a la acción de la insulina es conocida. Objetivo. Desarrollar un modelo de minimización de costos del tratamiento con insulina glargina una vez al día o con insulina detemir, una o dos veces al día, en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 que requieren insulina, desde la perspectiva del tercer pagador en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una búsqueda sistemática de estudios clínicos comparativos de la administración de insulina glargina e insulina detemir en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 que requieren insulina, con el fin de extraer los datos sobre su uso y efectividad, y sobre la frecuencia de eventos secundarios. La meta establecida de control glucémico fue de HbA1c=7 %. Los costos de la insulina se tomaron del Sistema Integrado de Precios de Medicamentos, 2012, del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, y los precios por tableta se basaron en el promedio móvil de doce meses en diciembre de 2012 según el IMS Consulting Group. Los análisis de sensibilidad se hicieron con simulaciones de Montecarlo para las dosis y los costos de la insulina. Resultados. Cinco publicaciones cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. El rango de la diferencia entre dosis de insulina fue de 3,2 a 33 UI. El porcentaje de pacientes que requirieron dos dosis de insulina detemir estuvo entre 12,6 y 100 %. No hubo diferencias significativas en los eventos hipoglucémicos. Tanto para el canal de compra al por menor como para el de compras institucionales, la diferencia de costos entre la insulin glargina y la detemir favoreció a la primera en cuatro y cinco estudios, respectivamente. Solo un estudio mostró lo contrario en lo concerniente a la venta al por menor. Conclusiones. La diferencia en cuanto a la dosis promedio entre la insulina ganglir y la detemir, genera costos anuales que favorecen el uso de la insulina ganglir, lo que la convierte en una alternativa costo-efectiva frente a la determir.

Introduction: More than 90% of subjects diagnosed with diabetes mellitus present with type 2, which is recognized for peripheral insulin resistance. Objective: To determine the costs of achieving glycemic target with the use of basal insulin analogs, insulin glargine (IG) once a day vs. insulin detemir (ID) once or twice a day, with a cost minimization model built from a third-party payer perspective in Colombia. Materials and methods: A systematic review of comparative clinical trials between IG and ID in patients with insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes was performed to determine data of use, effectiveness and frequency of and adverse events. The goal of glycemic control (effectiveness measure) was defined as HbA1c=7%. The costs of insulin were extracted from the Integrated System of Medication Prices 2012 (Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia) and the IMS Consulting Group mobile average cost for the past year as of December, 2012. Sensitivity analyses were performed via Montecarlo simulations for dose and medication costs (insulin). Results: Five publications met inclusion criteria. The range of the difference between insulin doses was 3.2 IU to 33 IU. The percentage of patients requiring two ID doses was 12.6-100%. There were no significant differences in hypoglycemic events. For both retail and institutional channels, there was a higher differential cost between IG vs. ID favoring IG in 4 and 5 studies, respectively. For the retail channel only one study showed the opposite results. Conclusions: As only medication costs are considered, differences in insulin units between IG and ID result in a differential cost in favor of IG that makes it a cost/effective alternative.